Satellite map of northern Gaza Strip, rotated so north is to the left of the screen.

In the two weeks since Hamas gunmen killed 1,400 people in an attack on Israeli communities near the Gaza Strip, Israel has responded with an intense bombardment that has killed at least 4,137 Palestinians and displaced more than a million.

Muted videos of airstrikes and exploding buildings. Videos shared by the Israeli Air Force of claimed strikes against targets in Gaza

Outline map of the same region showing the built-up areas of the northern Gaza Strip, including Gaza City, Jabalia and Beit Hanoun.

Israel’s bombardment is the most intense Gaza has ever seen, and Israeli officials suggest a ground invasion may follow. Three regional officials familiar with discussions between the U.S. and Middle Eastern leaders said the immediate Israeli strategy is to destroy Gaza's infrastructure and the labyrinth of underground tunnels Hamas has built to conduct its operations.

Damaged areas on the map marked in orange, much of it concentrated on the built-up areas including Gaza City, Jabalia and Beit Hanoun.

New analysis by data science consultancy Masae Analytics shows the scale of destruction from Israel’s campaign across Gaza. The analysis, based on satellite images taken after the attack, estimates buildings damaged or destroyed since the bombardment began. Gaza is one of the most densely populated areas in the world with over 2 million people living in an area of about 365 km square. The heaviest of Israel’s bombardment has been focused on Gaza City, Gaza’s largest city.

Refugee camps marked on the map – Jabalia camp in the centre-north and al-Shati camp on the Mediterranean coast. Al-Bureij, Nuseirat and al-Maghazi camps are towards the middle of the Gaza Strip.

Refugee camps marked on the map – Jabalia camp in the centre-north and al-Shati camp on the Mediterranean coast. Al-Bureij, Nuseirat and al-Maghazi camps are towards the middle of the Gaza Strip.

Gaza is home to 1.7 million Palestinian refugees, many living in U.N. refugee camps that provide essential public services including schooling, primary healthcare and humanitarian aid. The al-Shati and Jabalia camps in northern Gaza have suffered casualties and extensive damage due to heavy Israeli airstrikes in and around Gaza City.

Drone photograph of several people amidst a large area of rubble. Palestinians inspect damages in the aftermath of Israeli strikes at al-Shati refugee camp, Oct. 9, 2023. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem

Hospitals marked on the map – several in and around Gaza City, two near Jabalia camp and one each in Beit Hanoun and Beit Lahia.

Doctors have been scrambling to help a rising number of patients in overcrowded ✚ hospitals that are running short on medical supplies and fuel due to Israel’s blockade. Several hospitals have been damaged in airstrikes and at least one says they received a direct order to evacuate. Hospital morgues and cemeteries have run out of space for the bodies of the dead. A Gaza health ministry spokesperson said on Oct. 15 that 44 health workers had been killed, four hospitals were out of service and 14 basic healthcare services had stopped functioning.

Hospitals marked on the map – several in and around Gaza City, two near Jabalia camp and one each in Beit Hanoun and Beit Lahia.

A person stands alone at the back of a white tent with at least a dozen bodies in body bags and covered with cloth lying on the ground. Bodies of Palestinians killed in Israeli strikes lie on the floor at a tent at al-Shifa hospital, Oct. 15, 2023. REUTERS/Mohammed al-Masri

Religious sites in Gaza, including several mosques and an Orthodox church, have been damaged in airstrikes, according to Reuters reporting and review of satellite imagery.

Satellite image showing the small crater remnant of the circular mosque structure that was bombed. Satellite image of the destroyed al-Gharbi mosque in al-Shati refugee camp, Oct. 10, 2023. Maxar Technologies/Handout via REUTERS

Wide view of several buildings with broken, caved-in roofs and missing windows and walls. Destroyed and damaged buildings of the Islamic University in the aftermath of Israeli strikes, Oct. 13, 2023. REUTERS/Saleh Salem

Drone footage captured by Reuters showed massive destruction in Gaza City around the al-Garbi mosque in the al-Shati refugee camp as fierce Israeli airstrikes continued on Oct. 11.

An airborne camera slowly zooms in on a cluster of heavily damaged buildings, one of them emitting smoke. Production by Shadi Tabatibi, Hamuda Hassan, Mariam Rizk/REUTERS.

Map showing the Israeli-ordered evacuation zone that spans the whole of northern Gaza until the Wadi Gaza river basin that bisects the Gaza Strip. The map also highlights the two main roads that run the length of the Gaza Strip, one through the middle and one along the Mediterranean coast.

Map showing the Israeli-ordered evacuation zone that spans the whole of northern Gaza until the Wadi Gaza river basin that bisects the Gaza Strip. The map also highlights the two main roads that run the length of the Gaza Strip, one through the middle and one along the Mediterranean coast.

In the early hours of Oct. 13, the Israeli military ordered over a million civilians living in the northern half of Gaza to evacuate south within 24 hours. There are only two major roads connecting northern Gaza to the evacuation zone, and those who fled said many roads and streets were difficult to use, and some impassable, because of damage.

A few dozen Palestinians sit in the back of a truck. Palestinians flee their houses heading toward the southern part of Gaza Strip, Oct. 13, 2023. REUTERS/Ahmed Zakot

Map showing the Israeli-ordered evacuation zone that spans the whole of northern Gaza until the Wadi Gaza river basin that bisects the Gaza Strip. The map also highlights the two main roads that run the length of the Gaza Strip, one through the middle and one along the Mediterranean coast.

Hamas leaders urged Palestinians to ignore the call to evacuate, and Gaza mosques broadcast the message, “Hold on to your homes. Hold on to your land”. Some families who evacuated said they were unable to find safety from continued Israeli bombing in southern Gaza and so headed back to their homes in the north.

A young girl leans out of the backseat window of a car. The family’s belongings are tied to the car roof. A young girl rides in a car with her family members as they return to their home in Gaza City a few days after fleeing south, Oct. 17, 2023. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem

Map showing the evacuation zone border and the refugee camps that sit just south of it – the al-Bureij, Nuseirat, al-Maghazi and Deir-al-Balah camps. There is some damage to these areas south of the evacuation zone, though not as widespread as in the north.

Damage analysis indicates several instances of buildings damaged or destroyed south of the evacuation zone and near or within refugee camps that might house Palestinians fleeing northern Gaza. At least six people were killed in an Israeli air strike that hit a UNRWA school in the al-Maghazi refugee camp.

Map of the southern Gaza Strip showing the towns of Khan Yunis, Abasan al-Kabira and Rafah, and the Khan Yunis and Rafah refugee camps. There are just eight major hospitals here, much fewer than in the north.

The United Nations said heavy bombardment had also hit Khan Younis and other parts of the south where Israel had told people to go. “Those who managed to comply with the Israeli authorities' order to evacuate are now trapped in the south of the Gaza Strip, with scant shelter, fast-depleting food supplies, little or no access to clean water, sanitation, medicine and other basic needs,” said U.N. rights office spokesperson Ravina Shamdasani.

Several men in the background amidst a large pile of metal and concrete rubble. One man in the foreground centre of the frame points to something to the right, outside the frame. Palestinians work to remove debris as they search for bodies at the site of an Israeli strike, Oct. 19, 2023. REUTERS/Ibraheem Abu Mustafa

Wide shot view of a 4-story school building converted to a shelter with clothes lines running along each floor. People stand in small groups in the courtyard in front of the building. Palestinians who fled their houses after Israel’s evacuation order shelter at a UNRWA school, Oct. 16, 2023. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem

A woman in a blue robe and yellow headscarf clutches a child’s body wrapped in a white cloth. Her head is bowed away from the camera. At a hospital, a woman embraces the body of a Palestinian child killed in Israeli strikes, Oct. 17, 2023. REUTERS/Mohammed Salem

Map of the town of Rafah that sits on the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt. The central main road of the Strip ends at the Rafah border crossing, just east of the town and refugee camp.

Map of the town of Rafah that sits on the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt. The central main road of the Strip ends at the Rafah border crossing, just east of the town and refugee camp.

The Rafah crossing between the Gaza Strip and Egypt is the only exit that does not lead to Israeli territory, making it the only viable international route for aid to enter Gaza and for Gaza residents seeking to flee. Egypt has been trying to channel hundreds of tonnes of humanitarian aid from several countries to Gaza, but aid has been piling up on the Egyptian side after Israeli bombardments made the crossing inoperable.

Foreign passport holders have congregated at the crossing on the Gaza side hoping to be allowed out and the Egyptian Foreign Minister has said if foreign nationals were able to cross the border, Egypt would help them travel home. However, like other Arab states, Egypt has said Palestinians should stay on their lands and that it rejects the forced displacement of Palestinians into Sinai.

A woman with her back to the camera holds a toddler with a pacifier, who looks at the camera. Palestinians with dual citizenship gather outside Rafah border crossing, Oct. 16, 2023. REUTERS/Ibraheem Abu Mustafa

View of about 50 Palestinian adults and children, part of a larger crowd, standing outside a gate. Palestinians with dual citizenship gather outside Rafah border crossing, Oct. 16, 2023. REUTERS/Ibraheem Abu Mustafa

More than a dozen trucks wait in line on the side of the road. Trucks carrying humanitarian aid for Palestinians wait for the re-opening of the Rafah border crossing in the Egyptian city of Al-Arish, Oct. 16, 2023. REUTERS/Stringer